How Recent Economic Trends Influence Business Essay

How recent economic trends are influencing the business A firm and its management are affected by many factors present in its environment and this because a business can not operate in vacuum. The factors existing in a business’ environment are beyond control by a firm and the factors affects how a business operates and performs in the market (Li, 2008). Other macro environmental factors besides economic that affect business performance include political factors, social, demographic or ecological, and technology. The economy is an important factor affecting businesses since it determines level of profitability a business can receive from operations. In recent period the economy can has been characterized by recession and increasing†¦show more content†¦Rogers (2008) provides that Apple experiences reduced demand for PCs and the company has had to lower its prices in a bid to maintain high demand for its products and maintain sales revenue for the business. When there was an economic trend characterized by strengthening of the United States dollar, the company had to increase prices of products sold in foreign countries and this influenced demand for Apple products. Other economic trends that influence Apple include increase in fuel and energy costs and this influences the company in terms of demand for products and also cost of operating. A consumer has higher infinity or need to purchase fuel thus increase in fuel prices means consumers have less money to dedicate to other products translating to reduced demand for company products. The company also incurs increased expenses due to increased fuel costs thus the company experiences increased cost in producing and distributing its products. Increased expenses mean the company has reduced profit margin. Other economic factors that affect consumer spending behavior and could affect demand include labor costs, healthcare costs, mortgage market and access to credit. Recent economic conditions have resulted in reduced money to consumers thus reducing spending and thus the company experiences reduced demand for its products. RecentShow MoreRelatedFinance Is Based On Economics841 Words   |  4 PagesFinance is based on economics. Therefore, to properly understand financial markets and their behavior, you must first understand economics. Economics is the concern of production, distribution, trade and consumption of goods and services. It is the science that arises out of the relationship between limited resources and unlimited wants and needs by humans. 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Revisiting the Juvenile Offenders in Adult Criminal Justice System Free Essays

The statistics are striking. In 2002 alone, one in twelve murders in the U. S. We will write a custom essay sample on Revisiting the Juvenile Offenders in Adult Criminal Justice System or any similar topic only for you Order Now involved a juvenile offender (Snyder and Sickmund p. 65). Half of high school seniors (51%) surveyed in 2003 said they had tried illicit drugs at least once (Snyder and Sickmund p. 75). About 9% of murders in the U. S. were committed by youth under 18 in 2000 and an estimated 1561 youth under the age of 18 were arrested for homicide in 2000 (Fox). Youth under 18 accounted for about 15% of violent crime arrests in 2001 (FBI). One national survey found that for every teen arrested, at least 10 were engaged in violence that could have seriously injured or killed another person. (US Dept. of Health and Human Services). The alarming numbers continue but leave a question mark on the propensity and effectiveness of existing US juvenile laws, pushing for an inclination towards adopting adult justice systems in youth offender cases. Yet, alongside these figures are far more alarming statistics. While juvenile crimes are persistent, it is also true that one of every four violent crime victims known to law enforcement is a juvenile (Snyder and Sickmund p. 31). Suicide is the third leading cause of death among teenagers. In fact, 1921 young people ages 10 to 19 died by suicide in the United States in 2000 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). In fact, about 1 in 11 high-school students say they have made a suicide attempt in 1999(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention p. 6). And, officials have reported that of the more than 2,800 sexual violence allegations in juvenile facilities in 2004, 3 in 10 were substantiated (Snyder and Sickmund p. 230). A juvenile offender is one who is considered too young to be tried as an adult. Typically, the age at which a person can be tried as an adult varies among states, but ordinarily, it is the age of seventeen or eighteen, although this age can go down for certain serious offenses, such as homicide or sexual assault (Larson). When charged with a criminal offense, a juvenile is sent to a juvenile court where he may either waive his right and be tried under adult criminal systems. Ideally and ordinarily, the focus is on what will rehabilitate the juvenile, rather than on punishment. For juvenile offenses, the juvenile are often said to have committed a â€Å"delinquent act,† as opposed to a â€Å"criminal offense. † (Larson). Although the juvenile court has broad discretion to tailor a sentence to the needs of a young offender this juveniles are still sentenced to prison. In fact, many states have large juvenile prisons and treatment facilities. The principle is that that the present criminal justice system believes that some juvenile offenders are very dangerous, despite their age, that incarceration seemed to be appropriate. While most of the policymakers and the press claim that an increase in the youth population shall also result in the rate of juvenile offenses, a lot of considerations need to be addressed. Justifications, as will be discussed later, however, boil down to one conclusion- when a juvenile commits an adult crime, he should not be required to face the consequences as an adult. In an effort to derive justifications why youth offenders should not be tried under adult criminal justice systems, several propositions are laid out below based on recent studies: 1. Youth are developmentally different from adults; 2. Incarcerating youth offenders in adult jails is dangerous to the juvenile offenders; 3. Youth incarceration in adult jails does not reduce crime rate; 4. Trying juvenile offenders and imposing death penalty to youth offenders is unconstitutional. These are discussed in detail in the following sections. Youth are developmentally different from adults The basic principle of equality of rights is commonly understood to mean that persons who are similarly situated shall be treated the same under the law. A close analysis of adult and youth offender profiles however suggests that adult and youth criminal offenders are not similarly situated so much so that existing adult justice systems should be liberally applied if not totally abolished as against juvenile offenders. Psychologists and lawyers have raised significant and recent studies in the juvenile brain in reconsidering the existing juvenile laws. An issue in point is whether a teenager who commits capital offenses can be executed or whether this would be cruel and unusual punishment, banned by the Constitution’s eighth amendment. The point is, adolescents are not morally culpable as adults because their brains are not as capable of impulse control, decision-making, and reasoning as adult brains are. Psychologists say that this is because the brain’s frontal lobe, which exercises restraint over impulsive behavior, â€Å"doesn’t begin to mature until 17 years of age,† says neuroscientist Ruben Gur of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. â€Å"The very part of the brain that is judged by the legal system process comes on board late. † Other than this, adults behave differently not just because they have different brain structures, but because they use the structures in a different way ( Beckman ). Because of these social and biological reasons, an article in Times Magazine read, â€Å"teens have increased difficulty making mature decisions and understanding the consequences of their actions. † With much of these studies leaning towards the immediate fact that juveniles are not as mentally developed as the adult offenders, it is but proper that minors should never be tried as adults and should be spared the death penalty. Incarcerating youth offenders in adult jails is dangerous to the juvenile offenders It is a fact that despite a federal law preventing juveniles from adult jails existing for over three decades, 7,500 youth are in adult jails, according to a report released by the Campaign for Youth Justice. It must be reconsidered that rather than rehabilitating the youth offenders, incarcerating youth offenders in adult jails poses more danger to the juvenile. In fact, they are exposed to these dangers even before they’ve had their day in court (Campaign for Youth Justice). Incarceration exposes the youthful offender to sexual assault. Officials reported that of more than 2,800 sexual violence allegations in juvenile facilities in 2004, 3 in 10 were substantiated with girls more likely than boys to be sexually victimized (Snyder and Sickmund p. 229). In 2005, 21% of all substantiated victims of inmate-on-inmate sexual violence were under eighteen years old, even though youth make up less than 1% of the total jail population (Campaign for Youth Justice). Likewise, incarceration in adult are at greater risk of suicide than similar youth in theU. S. population (Snyder and Sickmund p. 229). In fact, youth have the highest suicide rates of all inmates in jails. â€Å"They are 36 times more likely to commit suicide in an adult jail than in a juvenile detention facility, and 19 times more likely to commit suicide in an adult jail than youth in the general population† (Campaign for Youth Justice). Finally, jailing juveniles in adult facilities are counterproductive and even increases their likelihood of reoffending. Based on studies, children who are prosecuted in adult court are more likely to be rearrested more often and more quickly for serious offenses(Campaign for Youth Justice). Youth incarceration in adult jails does not reduce crime rate While it is true that juvenile population in the US is increasing similarly to other segments of the population such that population projections indicate that the juvenile proportion of the U. S. population will hold constant through 2050 (Snyder and Sickmund p. 2), it is not true that this increase would also result in the increase in juvenile crime rate. In an analysis conducted based on official crime statistics of youth offenders in California from 1970 to 1998, Macallair and Males said that â€Å"the popular claim that the rising teenage population means more crime and violence is a myth† (2000). According to them, the current crime trends among youths are indication of declining crime rates into the next century and suggest a reevaluation of current trends in youth crime policies and reexamination of popular assumptions based on these statistics. Death penalty to juvenile crimes is unconstitutional The truth of the matter is that all states in the US now allow certain juveniles to be tried in criminal court or otherwise face adult sanctions (Snyder and Sickmund p. 110). More over, the federal consititutionality of the American juvenile death penalty was a reasonably settled issue for the past 15 years. This is a serious matter that poses more danger to juvenile offenders in facing adult consequences. It is a good thing however, that the United States Supreme Court has now expressed a renewed interest in reconsidering this issue with state courts getting more involved as well. In Thompson v. Oklahoma, 487 U. S. 815 (1988), the United States Supreme Court held that â€Å"executions of offenders age 15 and younger at the time of their crimes are prohibited by the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution† (Death Penalty Information Center). In Simmons v. Roper, 112 S. W. 3d 397 (Mo. 2003), the Supreme Court of Missouri interpreted current national data to hold that the death penalty for juvenile offenders now violates the United States Constitution’s prohibition against Cruel and Unusual Punishment. They however did not reach the issue under the Missouri State Constitution. Although a ruling on federal constitutionality, Simmons applies only in Missouri at this juncture. In the meantime, the two prevailing issues before the Supreme Court is whether the lower court can subsequently reinterpret and reject the standards under evolving standards of decency once the United States Supreme Court sets the Eighth Amendment Cruel and Unusual standard and whether death penalty for a 17-year-old offender is now Cruel and Unusual under the Eighth Amendment’s evolving standard of decency (Death Penalty Information Center). In 2005, the U. S. Supreme Court (5-4) upheld the Missouri Supreme Court and banned the death penalty for juvenile offenders, Roper v. Simmons (2005). With this as precedence, it is but due time for states to also reconsider the adverse consequences of juvenile commitment in adult prisons. Conclusion With all the issues raised above, it is but appalling why juvenile offenders should be tried under adult criminal justice systems. It is but due time that existing state policies be revisited and amended to adjust to the need of youthful offenders. In the meantime, since the present state policies on juvenile offenders are already in place, it is only but fitting to reconsider some adjustments in existing policies if at least to address and prevent these dangers until such time that the federal and state systems are ready for the new, more effective and revitalized policies. In referring to the special circumstance of juvenile offenders, the following recommendations were given in an ABA Task Force Report in 2001: †¢ Since youth are developmentally different from adults, these developmental differences need to be taken into account at all stages and in all aspects of the adult criminal justice system. †¢ Pretrial release or detention decisions regarding youth awaiting trial in adult criminal court should reflect their special characteristics. †¢ If detained or incarcerated, youth in the adult criminal justice system should be housed in institutions or facilities separate from adult facilities until at least their eighteenth birthday. †¢ Youth detained or incarcerated in the adult criminal justice system should be provided programs which address their educational, treatment, health, mental health, and vocational needs. †¢ The right to counsel in the adult criminal justice system should not be waived by a youth without consultation with a lawyer and without a full inquiry into the youth’s comprehension of the right and capacity to make the choice intelligently, voluntarily and understandingly. If the right to counsel is voluntarily waived, stand-by counsel should always be appointed. †¢ Judges in the adult criminal justice system should consider the individual characteristics of the youth during sentencing. †¢ The collateral consequences normally attendant to the adult criminal justice process should not necessarily apply to all youth arrested for crimes committed before the age of eighteen. (ABA p. 2) In sum, trying youth offenders under the adult criminal justice system â€Å"is not safe, is not fair and does not work† (Youth for Justice p. 4) and should therefore be guarded against. Rather than considering the youth as vices of the community, they should be looked upon as needing of society’s support. Works Cited Beckman, Mary. â€Å"Crime, Culpability and the Adolescent Brain. † Death Penalty Information Center. 30 July 2004. Science Magazine. 10 March 2008. http://www. deathpenaltyinfo. org/article. php? scid=17did=1112 â€Å"7,500 Youth in Adult Jails: Report, Young People at Risk of Assault, Suicide; Frequently Held Pre-Trial. † Campaign for Youth Justice. Press Release. 11 March 2008. http://www. campaignforyouthjustice. org/national_reports. html. â€Å"Crime in the United States 2001. † Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2002. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Table 41. 12 March 2008. http://www. fbi. gov/ucr/cius_01/01crime. pdf. â€Å"Data Source: NCHS National Vital Statistics System for numbers of deaths, U. S. Bureau of Census for population estimates. Statistics compiled using WISQARSTM produced by the Office of Statistics and Programming, NCIPC, CDC. † Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 10 March 2008. http://www. cdc. gov/ncipc/osp/data. htm. Fox, James Alan. , Zawitz, Marianne W. â€Å"Homicide Trends in the United States. † US Department of Justice. 2002. Northeastern University and Bureau of Justice Statistics. 11 March 2008. http://www. ojp. usdoj. gov/bjs/homicide/homtrnd. htm. Larson, Aaron. â€Å"Juvenile Offenders. † LawExperts. March 2000. 10 March 2008. (http://www. expertlaw. com/library/criminal/juvenile_law. html). Snyder, Howard N. , and Sickmund, Melissa. â€Å"Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 2006 National Report. † Death Penalty Information Center. 2006. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. 11 March 2008 (http://www. deathpenaltyinfo. org/article. php? did=204scid=27). Wallis, Claudia and Dell, Kristina. â€Å"What Makes Teens Tick; A flood of hormones, sure. But also a host of structural changes in the brain. Can those explain the behaviors that make adolescence so exciting–and so exasperating? † Death Penalty Information Center. 10 May 2004. Time Magazine. 10 March 2008. http://www. deathpenaltyinfo. org/article. php? scid=27did=977. â€Å"Youth in the Criminal Justice System: An ABA Task Force Report. † American Bar Association. February 2002. Criminal Justice Section. 9 March 2008. http://www. abanet. org/crimjust/juvjus/jjpolicies/YCJSReport. pdf â€Å"Youth risk behavior surveillance – United States, 2001. † Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2002. In: CDC Surveillance Summaries. June 28, 2002. MMWR, 51(SS-4), p. 6. 10 March 2008. http://www. cdc. gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5104a1. htm. â€Å"Youth Violence: A Report of the Surgeon General. Executive Summary. † U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2001. p. vii. Comparison of data from the Monitoring the Future Study from the University of Michigan’s Institute for Social Research and data from the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting program. 11 March 2008. http://www. surgeongeneral. gov/library/youthviolence/summary. htm. 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Opportunity Discovery Creativity And Designâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Opportunity Discovery Creativity And Design? Answer: Introducation Design thinking assists organization to deal with complex issues. It is associated with innovation and tapping into brain thinking to come up with the best solutions. Current trends in using design thinking approach is an indication of a shift towards designing complex projects and their environments. The Australian Taxation Office is a world leader in applying design thinking in public services and is a great example of how capabilities can be formed to enable a design method in large and complicated governmental organisations. The case study is an investigation of the end-to-end design method, which is used in creation of solutions in response to the individuals component of the superannuation reform project whose focus is on designs for an online superannuation portal targeted towards individual taxpayers. In the design of the superannuation project, the principles of design have been followed to ensure the project is a success (Ogilvie Liedtka 2011, p. 8). Any project, which applies design thinking, is user centric. The users are very important and the project has to be user-friendly. In the superannuation project, ATO ensured that the portal improved efficiency and compliance. The portal introduced a fresh outlook into empowering both users and employees of ATO. The superannuation project enabled users to engage with the tax and transfer system through automation of business interactions with the Australian government. Collaboration is also a characteristic of a design thinking approach. In the ATO, collaboration is inclusive and interdisciplinary. It is based on three principles called the 3Cs which are collaboration, consultation and co-design. Collaboration means working with other people. ATO has ensured that the superannuation project has been implemented through the working together of various departments to ensure the project is a success. There is a core design team, which collaborates with specialized individuals at each phase (The Design Thinking 2016). The Design Guide has also been put in place and is a document, which assists the ATO staff to navigate the predetermined design process. Consultation is understanding of stakeholder viewpoints. The ATO gathered the views of users, employees and other stakeholders before the superannuation portal was designed. Co-design is involving users in designing of solutions (Olesen 2013, p. 32). Through getting the views of users, it was easy for ATO to design the portal exactly as users wanted. The design thinking approach, which has been used by ATO in designing the superannuation portal, has followed an iterative process. The ATO project design process is complicated and this complexity makes the design practice more manageable (Second Road N.d). The large complex superannuation project in the ATO is iterative and has a higher degree of engagement with the stakeholders. The engagement led to all parties participating in the design process. Design-Led Innovation Definition of Design Innovation and Creativity Creativity is the ability of an organisation or person to act in new ways. Creativity can be demonstrated through innovation and invention. Innovation is how a company thinks creatively about something that already exists. Invention is coming up with a very new product or service. Creativity and innovation in a company that is run well leads to success. When an organisation stimulates creativity and explores the unknown territories it leads to increased productivity and this affects the bottom-line in a positive manner. Encouraging staff to think outside the box and providing resources and time for them to explore new frontiers for innovative ideas leads to business solutions, which are cost-effective. Creativity also leads to an improvement in problem solving hence leading to the competitive edge that many businesses want to achieve. There is a very high success rate of design-led companies hence design thinking has evolved over the years. Organisations are looking at thinking like designers and applying the principles of design to workplaces. Design thinking is considered as the core of effective organisational change and strategy development. It is a method that provides a solution-based approach in problem solving. It is very useful for complex problems by getting an understanding of the human needs which are involved through re-framing problems in ways that can be understood by brainstorming and adopting a hands-on approach. Design thinking occurs in five stages namely empathizing, defining the problem, ideating, prototyping and testing. The Design Process Empathize This is the first stage of the design thinking process and it aims to have an empathic understanding of the problem that one is to solve. In this stage, organizations can consult an expert to find out more about the area of concern by observation, engagement and empathizing with staff to get to know their experiences and motivations. At this stage, organizations also put themselves in the physical environment so that they have a deeper understanding of issues involved. Empathy is a key process as it allows the design thinker to set aside their assumptions so that they gain an overview into the needs of their users (Burnett Chin 2015). A lot of information gathering occurs at this stage so that a lot of insight can be gained into different users and their needs. Problem Definition This stage involves the organization putting together the information, which has been created and gathered, in the empathizing stage. The organisation analyses the observations it has made and synthesizes them so that the core problems can be defined. The problem is defined as a problem statement in a human-centric way. This stage assists the design thinkers in an organizational team to come up with great concepts, which will enable problems to be solved in a faster manner. Once the needs have been defined, it becomes easier for the organization to come up with solutions that will be tailored to specific problems. Idea Generation The third stage is idea Generation and this is the process whereby the design thinkers begin generating ideas. Since the needs of the users have now been understood, the design thinkers are able to think outside the box so that new or alternative solutions to the problem statement are identified. There are a number of methods that can be used by design thinkers in this stage. They can brainstorm and come up with a number of random ideas from which the best one that suits the problem will be chosen (Rutherland 2009). They can also brain write or use the worst possible idea method. The ideas, which have been chosen, should then be tested so that the best way of solving a problem can be found. An example is Samsung Argentina who came up with innovative safety trucks with screens that show the road ahead to the vehicles behind and they also have night vision. Prototype The prototype stage will involve production of cheap, scaled-down product versions or specific product features so that they can test the solutions, which they came up with during the idea generation stage. These prototypes are shared and tested within the design thinkers team, different departments or within a small group, which is not part of the design team. This phase is purely experimental and the purpose is to identify the best solution for the problems, which had been identified in the first three stages (Konings 2016). These solutions are implemented on the prototypes and are either accepted, improved on or rejected depending on the experiences of the users. By the time this stage ends, design thinkers usually have a better idea of constraints, which are found in the product, problems that have been identified and generally have a better outlook of how the real users will behave when they use the final product. Testing In this stage, the design thinkers thoroughly test the final product using the top-most solutions, which had been identified in the prototyping phase (Oxman 2015, p. 3). The results, which are generated during this stage, are used in redefining different problems and informing the understanding of the users, conditions of usage, how the users think, their behaviors and how they feel so that there is empathy. Alterations or refinements to the product can also be made so that all problems are eliminated and the product is understood as deeply as possible. Importance of Design Thinking The design thinking process is about action and organizations should not stick to just talking. Organisations mainly plan, analyze and control but translation to results sometimes does not occur as should. A very small percentage of organisations actually implement strategies that had been spoken about. Many organizations have mission and vision statements, which do not reflect on the day-to-day businesses that they do (Ogilvie Liedtka 2011, p. 12). Design thinking therefore leads to organizations implementing rather than just talking and leaving plans on paper. Design thinking is important as it teaches one how to make things real. The people who are directly impacted will ensure that their strategy is implemented. When things feel real to people, they become interesting and personally significant hence pronounced. Design thinkers tell stories, which engage their audience, capture their experience and makes the future feel real. Design thinking is tailored to deal with an uncertain future .Currently the global business environment is unpredictable. In many organizations, people are skeptical about new ideas or initiatives as they feel that it will interfere with the organizations stability and control. Those who come up with creative and new ideas are told that they should prove that their ideas would work by implementing right the first time. Design thinkers do not hold such expectations and work based on uncertainty (Mootee 2013, p. 56). Managers who have succeeded in organic growth usually have a designer-oriented attitude. Design thinking leads us into understanding that products and services are purchased by humans and not target markets that have been segmented into demographics. Sometimes, organisations lose sight of the real people behind the demand. Design thinkers understand that user behavior is driven by more than economic logic (Ogilvie Liedtka 2011, p. 15). They observe and understand the needs of human beings. This leads to consumers being treated in an appropriate manner and being given the best solutions. Reflection on Creativity Presentation My recent creativity presentation was quite a success and it helped me to learn a lot concerning design thinking and the importance of creativity. Creativity is turning of embryonic ideas into ideas that can be usable. My presentation helped me that to fully apply creativity, the three levels must be well understood. Discovery is the lowest level of creativity and when one discovers something, it can lead to an invention or innovation. Invention is the next level of creativity and it involves implementation of the discovery before someone else does. Creation is the final stage and at this point, the invention is turned into something tangible. This process made me reflect back on the company I work for, which deals with home and living accessories. I reflected on how one of our staff came up with an idea of incorporating detachable palettes onto a sandwich maker so that it could operate also as a waffle maker and doughnut maker. The machine would therefore have three detachable palet tes hence consumers would not have to purchase three different machines for three different cooking processes. The staffs idea was taken up and tested and it worked hence assisting the organisation to come up with a unique product. This helped to learn that in design thinking, one should not think of their idea as absurd but should speak out, as it just could be the pathway to the invention of a great product. Through this course, I have learnt different things about creativity that can boost an organizations ability to innovate. People who are truly creative have developed their abilities to make keen observations and use all senses so that they come up with unique ideas. Innovation is also knowledge-based and it is important for one to continue expanding knowledge through activities like reading or visiting different places (Liedtka 2014, p. 42). The perception that one has may also limit reasoning hence it is important to always be positive about things and not to judge wrongly. It is also good to let ones ideas incubate so that the level of innovation and creativity becomes high. My presentation made me realize that the more creative and innovative my team members and I are the more long-term success we can be able to achieve. Rather than to keep chasing big ideas in our industry of home and living products, we should bring creativity and innovation to what we do and this will lead to our organization being considered as an industry innovator References Burnett, B and Chin, R 2015, Apply Design Thinking in Your Work. Stanford Education, 11 March, Viewed 07 September 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U499U4TcyY8 Konings, H 2016,Cathedral Challenges.Crowd Sourcing Week, 16 January, Viewed 07 September 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JxQlrNFNXTs Liedtka, J, 2014. Innovative ways companies are using design thinking.Strategy Leadership,vol .42, no. 2, pp.40-45. Mootee, I., 2013,Design thinking for strategic innovation: What they can't teach you at business or design school. John Wiley Sons, New Jersey. Ogilvie, T. and Liedtka, J, 2011.Designing for growth: A design thinking toolkit for managers. Columbia University Press, New York. Olesen, N 2013, Re-inventing the ATO-ready, willing and underway. Australian Government, Viewed 07 September 2017, https://www.ato.gov.au/Media-centre/Speeches/Reinventing-the-ATO---ready,-willing-and-underway/ Oxman, R., 2015.Thinking difference: Theories and models of parametric design thinking.Design Studies: Proceedings of the technical sessions presented by the design committee at the ECAAEE Conference, Vienna, Austria, September 2015. Rutherland, R 2009.Life Lessons from an AD Man. Ted Talks, N.d July, Viewed 07 September 2016, https://www.ted.com/talks/rory_sutherland_life_lessons_from_an_ad_man?language=en#t-***** Second Road N.d,Introducing Design Thinking to the Australian Tax Office.Australian Government, Viewed 07 September 2017, https://www.secondroad.com.au/portfolio-item/introducing-design-thinking-to-the-australian-tax-office/ The Design Thinking 2016, Failure to Launch: Learning About Design The Hard Way, Australian Taxation Office, Viewed 07 September 2017, https://thisisdesignthinking.net/2016/12/failure-to-launch-learning-about-design-the-hard-way/